In this general phase the war became less specifically religious and more a continuation of the Bourbon–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, leading in turn to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers. Gradually, it developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe. Changing the relative balance of power within the Empire was at issue. Initially, religion was a motivation for war as Protestant and Catholic states battled it out even though they all were inside the Holy Roman Empire. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe. Roman Catholic States and Allies Holy Roman EmpireĢ0–30,000 Hungarians (Anti-Habsburg Hungarian rebels)ģ00,000 Spanish (includes soldiers from the Spanish Netherlands and Italy)Īpprox: 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry Total: 420,000 - 520,000Ĩ,000,000 including civilian casualties Protestant States and Allies Sweden (from 1630) Substantial decline in the power and influence of the Catholic Church.Decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire. ![]() Les Grandes Misères de la guerre ( The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632
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